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HEALTH TIPS WEEKLY - Thursday, February 28, 2008
"News That Keeps You Healthy"
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Paramedics in subway stations considered
TORONTO, -- The Toronto Transit Commission is planning a
pilot project to have paramedics stationed at subway stat-
ions for safety and to decrease train delays. Rick Corna-
cchia, deputy general manager of subway operations, told
the Toronto Star such a system exists in Hong Kong, and if
an experiment planned for one central station works, could
be expanded to 10 stations. Toronto's subway system has
seen a 23 percent increase in delays over the last year,
and sick passengers were the biggest factor, the commission
said. TTC chairman Adam Giambrone said about 1 million
people ride the subway each weekday. "We'd let people know
it is there and encourage people, if they're feeling ill,
to get off and talk to (paramedics) on scene," he told the
Star. He said the cost of the program has yet to be worked
out, but plans are to start the pilot program later this
year, the report said.
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Nanoemulsion vaccines show promise
ANN ARBOR, Mich., -- U.S. scientists reported a new vaccin-
ating technique involving nanoemulsions made up of 200-nano-
meter droplets is showing increasing promise. University of
Michigan researchers said the high-energy, oil-in-water
emulsions used against a variety of infectious are placed in
a person's nose, rather than injected with a needle. Two new
University of Michigan studies show the nanoemulsions pro-
duce a strong immune response against smallpox and the human
immunodeficiency virus. Nanoemulsion vaccines -- developed
at the Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and
the Biological Sciences -- are a mixture of soybean oil,
alcohol, water and detergents emulsified into ultra-small
particles. They are combined with part or all of a disease-
causing microbe to trigger the body's immune response. "The
two studies show the nanoemulsion platform is capable of
developing vaccines from very diverse materials," said
Dr. James Baker Jr., a professor of internal medicine. "We
used whole virus in the smallpox vaccine. In the HIV vac-
cine, we used a single protein. We were able to promote an
immune response using either source." The latest research
results appear in the journal Clinical Vaccine Immunology.
Brain molecule linked to problem drinking
BETHESDA, Md., -- U.S. and British researchers have discov-
ered a brain molecule known as neurokinin 1, or NK1, plays
a critical role in stress-related drinking. Dr. Ting-Kai Li,
director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and
Alcoholism, which led the study, said the findings "advance
our understanding of the link between stress and alcohol
dependence and raise the prospect of a new class of medic-
ations for treating alcoholism." In pre-clinical studies,
the researchers found mice genetically engineered to lack
NK1 receptors consumed much less alcohol than did normal
mice with fully functional receptors. In a later study, it
was shown a compound that blocks NK1 receptors reduced
alcohol craving among alcohol-dependent people who were
highly anxious. The blocking compound also reduced the
exaggerated sensitivity to negative stimuli commonly obs-
erved in alcoholics, and restored their response to pleas-
urable stimuli, the scientists said. The researchers said
the findings suggest compounds that block NK1 receptors
might have significant potential for the treatment of alco-
holism and other addictions. The research that included
scientists from University College London and Lilly Research
Laboratories appears in the online journal Science Express.
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Scientists engineer nerve-cell tissue
PHILADELPHIA, -- U.S. scientists have demonstrated living
human nerve cells can be engineered into a network that
might be used to repair nervous system damage. University
of Pennsylvania School of Medicine researchers created a
three-dimensional neural network -- a mini nervous system
in culture -- that can be transplanted en masse, said Pro-
fessor Douglas Smith, director of the school's Center for
Brain Injury and Repair. Smith's group placed neurons from
rat dorsal root ganglia on nutrient-filled plastic plates.
Axons sprouted from the neurons on each plate and connected
with neurons on the other plate. The plates were slowly
pulled apart during several days, creating long tracts of
living axons. The cultures were embedded in a collagen
matrix and implanted into a rat model of spinal cord injury.
After four weeks the researchers found the geometry of the
construct was maintained and the neurons at both ends and
all the axons spanning the neurons survived transplantation.
More important, the researchers said, axons at the ends of
the construct extended through the collagen barrier to
connect with the host tissue as a sort of nervous tissue
bridge. The findings are reported in the Journal of Neuro-
surgery.
Human brain in creative thought is studied
BETHESDA, Md.,-- A U.S. study has found when people are
engaged in creative thought, a brain area involved in mon-
itoring one's activities shuts down. National Institute on
Deafness and Other Communication Disorders-funded research-
ers discovered when jazz musicians improvise, a large region
of the brain involved in monitoring performance -- the dors-
olateral prefrontal cortex -- shuts down, while a small re-
gion involved in organizing self-initiated thoughts -- the
medial prefrontal cortex -- becomes highly activated. The
researchers propose those patterns are likely key indicators
of a brain engaged in highly creative thought. "The ability
to study how the brain functions when it is thinking creat-
ively has been difficult for scientists because of the many
variables involved," said Dr. James Battey Jr., NIDCD dir-
ector. "Through some creative thinking of their own, these
researchers designed a protocol in which jazz musicians
could play a keyboard while in … a functional MRI scanner.
And in doing so, they were able to pinpoint differences in
how the brain functions when the musicians are improvising
as opposed to playing a simple melody from memory." The
study by Drs. Charles Limb, now with Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity, and Allen Braun of the NICDC, appears in the online
journal PLoS One.
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Study: CO2 can cause air pollution deaths
STANFORD, Calif., -- A U.S. study suggests rising
carbon dioxide levels in the Earth's atmosphere, although
not considered a classic air pollutant, can cause respira-
tory failure. CO2 pollution from burning fossil fuels has
been linked to sea level changes, snowmelt, disease,
heat stress, severe weather and ocean acidification. But it
hasn't been identified as the cause of significant numbers
of deaths. Noting that increasing levels of CO2 cause temp-
erature and water vapor content to rise, Mark Jacobson and
colleagues at Stanford University used photochemistry to
determine if such CO2 increases also cause increases in
ground-level ozone concentrations that can harm lung fun-
ction. Jacobson found each 1-degree Celsius rise in temper-
ature can increase U.S. annual air pollution deaths by about
1,000, with approximately 40 percent of such deaths result-
ing from elevated ground-level ozone concentrations. The
rest are likely from particles, which would increase due to
CO2-enhanced stability, humidity and biogenic feedbacks, he
said. The researchers said many of the deaths would occur
in urban populations subject to smog, such as some areas of
California. Extrapolating U.S. deaths to global population
yields about 22,000 excess deaths expected worldwide each
year. The research is published in the journal Geophysical
Research Letters.
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