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Gizmorama - Scientists propose new DNA nanosensor
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Scientists propose new DNA nanosensor
U.S. scientists have used a mathematical simulation to show
how a DNA sensor might be coupled with a nanoscale transistor
to find DNA fragments in a sample. Researcher Samuel Afuwape
of San Diego's National University said such a portable DNA
sequencer could make life easier for environmental scientists
testing contaminated sites. Clinicians and medical researchers
might also use such a device to diagnose genetic disorders and
study problems in genetics. A similar sensor might also be
used to identify the weapons of a bioterrorist or in criminal
forensic investigations. While DNA biosensors are becoming
ubiquitous in many areas, Afuwape said the instrumentation is
usually limited to the laboratory setting. He suggests a new
type of electronic device, the ion-selective field-effect
transistor might be integrated into a DNA biosensor. Such a
portable sensor would be coated with thousands of known DNA
sequences that could match -- hybridize -- with specific DNA
fragments in a given medical or environmental sample. The
complex research appears in the International Journal of
Nanotechnology.
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Donkey domestication is documented
A U.S.-led team of scientists has found evidence of the
earliest transport use of the donkey and the early phases of
donkey domestication. The findings by the team led by Professor
Fiona Marshall at Washington University in St. Louis suggest
the process of domestication might have been slower and less
linear than previously thought. The research focused on 10
donkey skeletons from three graves dedicated to donkeys in the
funerary complex of one of the first pharaohs at Abydos, Egypt.
Marshall, in collaboration with Stine Rossel of the University
of Copenhagen, found donkeys approximately 5,000 years ago were
in an early phase of domestication. They looked like wild
animals, but displayed joint wear that showed they were used
as domestic animals. "Genetic research has suggested African
origins for the donkey," said Marshall. "But coming up with
an exact time and location for domestication is difficult
because signs of early domestication can be hard to see. Our
findings show that traces of human management can indicate
domestication before skeletal or even genetic changes."
The research appeared in the March 10 early online edition of
the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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Study finds how an eye can determine depth
U.S. scientists have discovered how the human brain can derive
depth information using just one eye. Researchers led by
Professor Greg DeAngelis of the University of Rochester noted
when we use two eyes, the brain calculates the depth or distance
of an object from the slight differences in the two images of the
object by a phenomenon called "binocular disparity." Although
scientists also knew people could judge distance using just
one eye, the mechanism by which the human brain accomplished
that feat has been unknown. DeAngelis said neurons in the middle
temporal area of the brain calculate distance by combining visual
information from the eye with information about the physical
movement of the eye. "It looks as though in this area of the
brain, the neurons are combining visual cues and non-visual
cues to come up with a unique way to determine depth," said
DeAngelis. He said the brain, when tracking the movement of a
group of objects, use middle temporal neurons to calculate the
object moving fastest in the same direction must be the closest
object and the one moving slowest must be the farthest. The
study's findings appear in the online issue of the journal
Nature.
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