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HEALTH TIPS WEEKLY - Thursday, June 28, 2007
"News That Keeps You Healthy"
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Infant intestinal bacteria is categorized
STANFORD, Calif.,-- U.S. researchers have categorized the
hundreds of species of bacteria that colonize a newborn's
gastrointestinal track. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute
scientists used a sophisticated genetic analysis of a years
worth of baby fecal matter, developing a detailed picture of
how bacteria develop in a child's intestinal tract during
the first year of life. Scientists have long known humans
carry as many as 400 species of microbes in their intest-
ines, helping digest food and mitigate disease, among other
things. "I don't know what a human would look like without
a colonized gut," said Chana Palmer, senior author of the
research which was led by Patrick Brown at the Stanford Uni-
versity School of Medicine. Before birth, the intestinal
tract is sterile but babies immediately begin acquiring mic-
robes from the birth canal, their mothers' breast and even
human touch, the researchers said. Within days, a microbial
community is established and by adulthood, the body has up
to 10 times more microbial cells than human cells. The
study, which tracked the evolution of the microbial ecosys-
tems in 14 healthy, full-term human breast-fed infants, is
reported in the journal PLoS Biology.
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Mental retardation, autism treated in mice
CAMBRIDGE, Mass., -- U.S. medical scientists have reversed
symptoms of mental retardation and autism in mice. Research-
ers at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology said the mice were
genetically manipulated to model Fragile X Syndrome, the
leading inherited cause of mental retardation and the most
common genetic cause of autism. The condition causes mild
learning disabilities to severe autism, with no effective
treatment yet developed. "Our study suggests that inhibiting
a certain enzyme in the brain could be an effective therapy
for countering the debilitating symptoms of FXS in children
and possibly in autistic kids as well," said co-author Man-
suo Hayashi, a former Picower postdoctoral fellow currently
at Merck Research Laboratories in Boston. The research is
reported in the online early edition of the Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences.
Gene therapy restores sight in blind dogs
PHILADELPHIA,-- U.S. medical scientists have found gene
therapy might be successful in restoring sight in some
people even if they have been blind since birth. University
of Pennsylvania researchers used a canine model to demon-
strate gene therapy is effective in restoring retinal act-
ivity to the blind, as well as restoring function to the
brain's visual center, a critical component of seeing. "The
retina of the eye captures light but the brain is where
vision is experienced," said Assistant Professor Geoffrey
Aguirre, who led the study. "The traditional view is that
blindness in infancy permanently alters the structure and
function of the brain, leaving it unable to process visual
information if sight is restored. We've now challenged that
view." The researchers used functional MRI to measure brain
activity in blind dogs born with a mutation in gene RPE65,
an essential molecule in the retinoid-visual cycle. The same
mutation causes a blindness in humans called Leber congen-
ital amaurosis. It is the first human eye-retinal disorder
slated for gene therapy. The study was reported in the
journal PLoS Medicine.
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Better genetic cancer marker is discovered
CHICAGO,-- U.S. cancer researchers have identified a new
genetic marker that better characterizes the aggressiveness
of cancer cells than do "classical" markers. The University
of Chicago scientists say levels of a small non-coding RNA
molecule called let-7 appear to define different stages of
cancer better than some traditional markers for tumor pro-
gression. "There may be no human cancer that is not regulat-
ed by microRNAs," said study author Professor Marcus Peter,
"and among microRNAs, let-7 appears to be a key player in
preventing a cancer from becoming more aggressive. "We found
that expression levels of let-7 can discriminate more effec-
tively between more and less advanced stages of cancers than
any other microRNA," Peter added. "We suspect that loss of
members of the let-7 family may be a major determinant of
cancer progression." The study appears in the early online
edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sci-
ences.
CD38 gene might be involved in obesity
ROCHESTER, Minn., -- U.S. medical scientists believe the ab-
sence of a gene called CD38 might explain why some people
who consume excessive calories don't gain weight. The Mayo
Clinic study involving laboratory mouse models suggests
CD38, when absent, prevents mice on high-fat diets from
gaining weight. But when the gene is present, the mice be-
come obese. "Obesity is a complex problem compounded by mul-
tiple factors, one of which is our genes," said Dr. Eduardo
Chini, corresponding author of the study. "Genes play a role
in about 50 percent of cases, and in this study we demonst-
rate that CD38 regulates body weight." Identifying the
signaling mechanisms that lead to obesity caused by a high-
fat, high-calorie diet is a critical part of understanding
and developing new treatments for obesity, Chini said. The
researchers said their findings are promising and should be
explored in follow-up studies.
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Cord blood may help fight diabetes
GAINESVILLE, Fla.,-- U.S. scientists have discovered umbil-
ical cord blood might safely preserve insulin production in
children newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. University of
Florida researchers said their finding marked the first att-
empt at using cord blood as a potential therapy for type 1
diabetes. "We hope these cells can either lessen the immune
system's attack on the pancreas or possibly introduce stem
cells that can differentiate into insulin-producing cells,"
said pediatric endocrinologist Dr. Michael Haller, an assis-
tant professor of medicine at the University of Florida 's
College of Medicine. "While this is a relatively small study
we can confidently say this is safe and we have seen meta-
bolic and immunologic changes to suggest there may be ben-
efit," Haller said. "It's not curing diabetes, but this is a
first step to help us learn more and get us moving in the
right direction." The research was presented Tuesday in
Chicago during the American Diabetes Association's 67th
Scientific Sessions.c Sessions.
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