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Fungi may keep spent uranium from leaching
Scottish scientists say fungi might be useful in determining
depleted uranium's environmental fate by keeping it from
leaching into the environment. Researchers led by Geoffrey
Gadd of the University of Dundee found evidence that fungi
can "lock" depleted uranium into a mineral form that might
be less likely to find its way into plants, animals or water
supplies. "This work provides yet another example of the
incredible properties of microorganisms in effecting
transformations of metals and minerals in the natural
environment," said Gadd. "Because fungi are perfectly suited
as biogeochemical agents, often dominate the biota in
polluted soils, and play a major role in the establishment
and survival of plants through their association with roots,
fungal-based approaches should not be neglected in remediation
attempts for metal-polluted soils." The researchers found
free-living and plant symbiotic (mycorrhizal) fungi can
colonize depleted-uranium surfaces and transform the metal
into uranyl phosphate minerals. "The fungal-produced minerals
are capable of long-term uranium retention, so this may help
prevent uptake of uranium by plants, animals, and microbesm,"
said Gadd. "It might also prevent the spent uranium from
leaching out from the soil." The findings are detailed in the
journal Current Biology.
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Fungus may boost ethanol production
U.S. researchers say a fungus responsible for deteriorating
fabric in the South Pacific during World War II could boost
ethanol production. The genome analysis of the biomass-degrading
fungus Trichoderma reesei shows it has abundant source of enzymes
that could be used to breakdown plant cell walls to produce
biofuels, the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute
and Los Alamos National Laboratory said in news release.
The findings were published in the journal Nature Biotechnology.
"The information generated from the genome of T. reesei provides
us with a roadmap for accelerating research to optimize fungal
strains for reducing the current prohibitively high cost of
converting lignocellulose to fermentable sugars," the Energy
Department's Eddy Rubin said in a statement. "Improved
industrial enzyme 'cocktails' from T. reesei and other
fungi will enable more economical conversion of biomass
from such feedstocks as the perennial grasses Miscanthus
and switchgrass, wood from fast-growing trees like poplar,
agricultural crop residues, and municipal waste, into next-
generation biofuels."
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Part of cosmos' missing matter is found
The European Space Agency says its orbiting X-ray observatory
XMM-Newton has uncovered part of the missing matter in the
universe. Scientists say all matter in the universe is
distributed in a cosmic web-like structure. At dense nodes of
the cosmic web are clusters of galaxies. Astronomers suspected
the low-density gas permeates the filaments of that cosmic web.
An international team of astronomers, using XMM-Newton were
observing a pair of galaxy clusters about 2.3 billion light-
years from Earth when they saw a bridge of hot gas connecting
the clusters. "The hot gas that we see in this bridge or filament
is probably the hottest and densest part of the diffuse gas in
the cosmic web, believed to constitute about half the baryonic
matter in the universe," said Norbert Werner of the Netherlands
Institute for Space Research and leader of the research team.
"This is only the beginning," added Werner. "To understand the
distribution of the matter within the cosmic web, we have to …
ultimately launch a dedicated space observatory to observe the
cosmic web with a much higher sensitivity than possible with
current missions."
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